Physical Torture

This article describes physical torture methods still widely used, common acute and chronic symptoms caused by torture, clinical findings, and how to assess the consistency of torture allegations. The descriptions follow the lines of the UN Istanbul Protocol, the international standard for investigation and documentation of torture. Photos illustrate assessments of alleged torture produced lesions and some differential diagnoses. The inter-relationship between physical and psychological aspects of torture is underlined. Factors that complicate the assessment of torture allegations are described to facilitate a nuanced evaluation of torture allegations. Some legal aspects of torture and medical ethics are included.